Contact Tracing Apps

Proposed contact tracing frameworks

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PROTOCOL	CHARACTERISTICS	ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP3T): click here.	Decentralised	DP3T, Data Protection Impact Assessment (1 May 2020): click here.
Singapore Government Digital Services, BlueTrace/OpenTrace Privacy-Preserving Cross-Border Contact Tracing : click here.	Centralised
Apple & Google, Notification Exposure API: click here.	Application programming interfaces (APIs) that allow contact tracing apps from public health authorities to work across Android and iOS devices.	Google, 'Exposure Notification - Frequently Asked Questions' (April 2020): click here (pdf). Angwin, Julia, 'Will Google’s and Apple’s COVID Tracking Plan Protect Privacy?', The Markup (14 April 2020): click here. Benson, Jeff, 'Privacy Safeguards in Apple-Google Platform Could Be Abused, Experts Say', Digital Privacy News (14 April 2020): click here. Radical AI Podcast, 'Apple & Google Partner to Promote Coronavirus Contact Tracing. Should You be Worried? with Seda Gurses', PodBean (15 April 2020): click here (podcast). Sharon, Tamar, 'When Google and Apple get privacy right, is there still something wrong?', Medium (15 April 2020): click here. Clover, Juli, 'Apple's Exposure Notification System: Everything You Need to Know', MacRumors (4 May 2020): click here.
Apple and Google Exposure Notification Express (ENE): click here.	Expansion of the Notifications Exposure API to allow phones to carry out contact tracing without downloading an official national app.
Pan European Privacy Protecting Proximity Tracing (PEPP-PT): click here.	Centralised
Inria PRIVATICS team, ROBERT: ROBust and privacy-presERving proximity Tracing: click here. DESIRE (a decentralised evolution of ROBERT): click here.	Hybrid	Inria, '«Contact tracing»: Bruno Sportisse, PDG d’Inria, donne quelques éléments pour mieux comprendre les enjeux' (18 April 2020): click here.
Enigma Team, SafeTrace: Privacy-Preserving Contact Tracing for COVID-19: click here.	Decentralised
Privacy-Sensitive Protocols And Mechanisms for Mobile Contact Tracing (PACT) / CovidSafe: click here.	Decentralised
TCN Coalition, TCN Protocol: click here.	Decentralised
Noidle - Coalition, Whisper Tracing: an open and privacy first contact tracing protocol: click here.	N/A

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List of national contact tracing apps

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COUNTRY	TOOL	STATUS	ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTATION
EUROPEAN UNION	THE LATEST INFORMATION ON MEMBER STATES' CONTACT TRACING APPS CAN BE FOUND HERE.
AUSTRALIA	Australian Government - Department of Health, CovidSafe App	operational voluntary centralised bluetooth-based	Privacy policy for COVIDSafe app: click here.
AUSTRIA	Austrian Red Cross, Stopp Corona-App	operational since March 2020 voluntary decentralised bluetooth-based, Google/Apple
BELGIUM	Coronalert	operational since September 2020 voluntary decentralised	Haeck, Pieter and Dries Bervoet, 'Belgisch bedrijf Devside mag corona-app bouwen', De Tijd (21 July 2020): click here. Application de traçage des contacts -Belgique: Analyse d’impact relative à la protection des données (AIPD) (16 September 2020): click here. Contactopsporingsapplicatie België Gegevensbeschermingseffectbeoordeling (16 September 2020): click here. Further documentation and updates by the interfederal working group in charge of the development of the contract-tracing app Coronalert for Belgium: click here.
BULGARIA	TBD
CZECH REPUBLIC	Ministerstvo zdravotnictví České republiky, eRouška - part of smart quarantine	operational since April 2020 voluntary decentralised Bluetooth-based
CHINA	Chinese government, WeChat and Alipay, Health Code App	operational 'required' centralised location-based
CROATIA	TBD (Release in July 2020)	voluntary decentralised
CYPRUS	Research Centre of Excellence on Information and Communication Technologies (RISE), CovTracer	operational since February 2020 voluntary location/GPS-based	CovTracer Privacy Policy: click here.
DENMARK	Sundheds- og Ældreministeriet, Smittestop	operational since June 2020 voluntary decentralised
ESTONIA	TBD	voluntary decentralised	Tervis, 'Eesti on koroonaäpi arendamisega lõpusirgel' (14 July 2020): click here.
FINLAND	TBD (release in August 2020)	voluntary decentralised
FRANCE	Inria, ANSSI, Capgemini, Dassault Systèmes, Inserm, Lunabee Studio, Orange, Santé Publique France and Withings, StopCovid app	operational since June 2020 voluntary centralised Bluetooth-based	CNIL, Délibération n° 2020-056 du 25 mai 2020 portant avis sur un projet de décret relatif à l’application mobile dénommée «StopCovid» (25 May 2020): click here. CNIL, Décision n° MED-2020-015 du 15 juillet 2020 mettant en demeure le ministère des solidarités et de la santé: click for (FR) and (EN).
GERMANY	German Government, SAP and T-systems, Corona-Warn-app	operational since June 2020 voluntary decentralised (DP-3T and TCN) bluetooth-based, Google/Apple open-source	Github documentation: click here. Boehm, Franziska and Diana Dimitrova, 'FIZ Special Corona: The Corona Warning App in Germany - Data Protection Aspects', FIZ Karlsruhe (July 2020): click here.
GIBRALTAR	Gibraltar Health Authority, Beat COVID Gibraltar app	operational since June 2020 voluntary decentralised Bluetooth-based
GREECE	TBD
HUNGARY	Kormányzati Informatikai Fejlesztési Ügynökség, VírusRadar	operational since May 2020 voluntary centralised Bluetooth-based	VirusRadar, Privacy Policy: click here.
ICELAND	Directorate of Health, Rakning c-19 app	operational voluntary location-based combined with large-scale testing	Privacy Statement: click here (IS) and here (EN) Github documentation: click here.
IRELAND	Health Service Executive (HSE), COVID Tracker app	operational since July 2020 voluntary Bluetooth-based	COVID Tracker, Privacy Policy: clik here.
ITALY	Ministry of Health, Immuni app	operational since June 2020 voluntary decentralised Bluetooth-based, Google/Apple	Github Documentation including privacy (14 May 2020): click here (EN).
LATVIA	TBD
LITHUANIA	TBD (release in July)
LUXEMBOURG	NO
MALTA	TBD
THE NETHERLANDS	TBD
NORWAY	Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Smittestopp-app	operational voluntary centralised Bluetooth/GPS-based	Privacy Statement (NO): click here. EDPB, 'Temporary suspension of the Norwegian Covid-19 contact tracing app' (22 June 2020): click here.
POLAND	Ministerstwo Cyfryzacji, ProteGO Safe app	operational since April 2020 voluntary decentralised
PORTUGAL	TBD		Portuguese Data Protection Authority: Decisão relativa ao sistema de contact tracing STAYAWAY (29 June 2020): click here. Deliberação da CNPD, relativa ao sistema Trace COVID19 (17 June 2020): click here. Deliberação sobre a solução tecnológica que permite a identificação da “taxa de ocupação das praias de maior pressão”(Smart Crowd) (3 June 2020): click here.
ROMANIA	TBD
SINGAPORE	Government Service Agency, TraceTogether	operational voluntary centralised Blue Trace-based
SLOVAKIA	TBD
SLOVENIA	TBD
SPAIN	TBD		Vega, Guillermo, 'Spain launches first phase of coronavirus-tracking app', EL PAIS (29 June 2020): click here.
SWEDEN	NO
SWITZERLAND	Federal Office of Public Health FOPH, SwissCovid app	operational voluntary decentralised Bluetooth/DP3T-based combined with person-based contact tracing	Swiss National COVID-19 Science Task Force (NCS-TF), Resources: click here. SwissCovid App: Data Protection Statement & Conditions of Use: click here.
UNITED KINGDOM	NHS COVID-19 app	partially launched as of September 2020 voluntary centralised Bluetooth-based	Brock, Amanda, 'What happened to Britain's track and trace app?', The Article (29 June 2020): click here. UK Department of Health and Social care, 'NHS COVID-19 app launches across England and Wales' (24 September 2020): click here.

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Additional resources on contact tracing tools by country

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COUNTRY	ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
AUSTRALIA	Greenleaf, Graham and Kemp, Katharine: 'Australia's COVIDSafe App needs more legal protections and transparency to gain trust', UNSW Sydney (1 May 2020): click here. 'The COVIDSafe Bill: privacy protections improved, but more needed', UNSW Sydney (5 May 2020): click here. 'The COVIDSafe bill doesn’t go far enough to protect our privacy. Here’s what needs to change', The Conversation (5 May 2020): click here.
AUSTRIA	Moechel, Erich, 'Österreich als EU-Testlabor für Corona-Apps', FM4.ORF (19 April 2020): click here. EPICENTER.WORKS, noyb and SBA Reseach, 'Technical and Legal Review of the Stopp Corona App by the Austrian Red Cross' (20.04.2020): click here.
CHINA	Mozur, Paul, Raymond Zhong and Aaron Krolik, 'In Coronavirus Fight, China Gives Citizens a Color Code, With Red Flags', The New York Times (1 March 2020): click here.
CYPRUS	Sigmalive, 'Τίθεται σε λειτουργία η εφαρμογή ιχνηλάτησης για κορωνοϊό στην Κύπρο' (The coronavirus tracing app becomes operational in Cyprus) (5 April 2020): click here.
FRANCE	Inria, 'L'équipe-projet StopCovid et l’écosystème des contributeurs se mobilisent pour développer une application mobile de contact tracing pour la France (26 April 2020): click here. Dillet, Romain, 'France’s data protection watchdog reviews contact-tracing app StopCovid', Techcrunch (26 May 2020): click here.
GERMANY	Krempl, Stephan, '"Epidemie-Fußfessel": Datenschützer gegen Handy-Tracking von Coronavirus-Infizierten', Heise Online (18 March 2020): click here. Heise Online, 'Unionspolitiker: Infektionsketten per Handy-App zurückverfolgen' (27 March 2020): click here. Ubl, Matthias, 'Bluetooth auf dem Handy ist sehr angreifbar', Zeit Online (1 April 2020): click here. Forum Privatheit, 'Pressemitteilung: Handy-Daten für Kontaktverfolgung bei Corona: Vertrauen in staatliches Handeln ist in Krisenzeiten besonders wichtig' (2 April 2020): click here. Köver, Chris, 'Zentrale vs. dezentrale Corona-Tracing-Apps: Welche Technologie bietet den besseren Datenschutz?', Netzpolitik (8 April 2020): click here. Busvine, Douglas, 'German tech startups plead for European approach to corona tracing app', Reuters (14 April 2020): click here. Hottelet, Ulrich, 'Digitalpolitik zwischen Tracking-Apps, Datenschutz und Datensouveränität', Heise Online (15 April 2020): click here. Engeler, Malte, et al., 'Vorschlag für ein Gesetz zur Einführung und zum Betrieb einer App-basierten Nachverfolgung von Infektionsrisiken mit dem SARS-CoV-2 (Corona) Virus' (3 May 2020): click here.
ICELAND	Johnson, Bobbie, 'Nearly 40% of Icelanders are using a covid app—and it hasn’t helped much', MIT Technology Review (11 May 2020): click here.
JAPAN	Personal Information Protection Commission Japan, 'Personal Information Protection Commission’s view on effective use of contact tracing App to help deal with Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)' (1 May 2020), click here.
UNITED KINGDOM	Kelion, Leo, 'UK coronavirus app 'must respect privacy rights'', BBC News (23 March 2020): click here. Ada Lovelace Institute, 'Rapid Evidence Review: Exit through the App Store?' (20 April 2020): click here. Gould, Matthew, 'Digital contact tracing: protecting the NHS and saving lives', NHSx (24 April 2020): click here. Leprince-Ringuet, Daphne, 'Contact-tracing apps: Why the NHS said no to Apple and Google's plan', ZDNet (28 April 2020): click here. Moné, Brianna, '170 cybersecurity experts warn that British government’s contact tracing app could be used to surveil people even after coronavirus has gone', BusinessInsider (29 April 2020): click here. Ryder, Matthew, et al., 'COVID-19 & Tech responses: Legal opinion', Matrix Chambers (3 May 2020): click here. Siatista, Ilia and Ioannis Kouvakas, 'Indiscriminate Covid-19 location tracking (Part I): Necessary in a democratic society?', Privacy International (4 May 2020): click here. Ada Lovelace Institute, 'Provisos for a Contact Tracing App' (4 May 2020): click here. UK Department of Health and Social Care, Letter Response to the Chair of the Joint Committee of Human Rights (4 May 2020): click here (pdf). Sabbagh, Dan, Alex Hern and Kate Proctor, 'UK racing to improve contact-tracing app's privacy safeguards', The Guardian (5 May 2020): click here. McCarthy, Kieren, 'UK finds itself almost alone with centralized virus contact-tracing app that probably won't work well, asks for your location, may be illegal', The Register (5 May 2020): click here. Lynskey, Orla, and Veale, Michael, Supplementary Written Evidence on COVID-19 Tracing Apps to the Joint Committee on Human Rights', (6 May 2020): click here. Privacy International, 'UK government Covid tracking app: what we found' (7 May 2020): click here. UK Parliament, Joint Committee on Human Rights, 'Report on the contact tracing app published' (7 May 2020): click here. UK Parliament, Joint Committee on Human Rights, Letter to Rt Hon Matt Hancock MP - Digital contact tracing (Data Protection) Bill (7 May 2020): click here. Neville, Sarah, Tim Bradshaw and Helen Warrell, 'UK starts to build second contact tracing app', Financial Times (8 May 2020): click here. Field, Matthew, 'NHS Test and Trace faces legal challenge over privacy fears', The Telegraph (2 June 2020): click here. Open Rights Group, 'Government admits Test and Trace unlawful' (20 July 2020): click here. Butler, Oliver, 'The Failure of the UK’s Centralised Covid-19 Contact-tracing App', blogdroiteuropéen, (24 September 2020): click here.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA	National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence, 'Privacy and Ethics Recommendations for Computing Applications Developed to Mitigate COVID-19 - White Paper Series on Pandemic Response and Preparedness, No. 1' : click here.

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Interoperability of contact tracing apps

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EU Federation Gateway Service, Github documentation: click here.
Luckas, Ulrich et al., Interoperability of decentralised proximity tracing systems across regions (5 May 2020): click here (preview copy pdf).
Wilde, Erik, 'International Interoperability of COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps: A view of goals & opportunities', apifriends (18 May 2020): click here.
Gkotsopoulou, Olga, 'Interoperability of contact tracing apps in EU and data protection law implications', PinG 5/2020 (September 2020): click here.

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Civil society resources on contact tracing apps

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Chaos Computer Club (CCC), '10 requirements for the evaluation of "Contact Tracing" apps' (6 April 2020): click here.
Derechos Digitales, 'Civil society from Latin America and the Caribbean demands to respect human rights when governments deploy digital technologies to fight against COVID-19' (19 March 2020): click here.
EDRi, 'EDRi calls for fundamental rights-based responses to COVID-19' (20 March 2020): click here.
noyb, 'Data Protection in times of Corona: Not a question of if but how' (30 March 2020): click here. On that page you can also find links to the latest version of the ‘Ad hocPaper (V0.2) SARS-CoV-2 Tracking under GDPR'.
Privacy International, 'Bluetooth tracking and COVID-19: A tech primer' (31 March 2020): click here.
Access Now, 'Recommendations on Privacy and Data Protection in the Fight against COVID-19' (31 March 2020): click here.
'Joint civil society statement: States use of digital surveillance technologies to fight pandemic must respect human rights', hosted on Amnesty International (2 April 2020): click here.
Free Software Foundation Europe (FSFE), 'Any Corona tracking app must be used voluntarily and be Free Software' (2 April 2020): click here.
Crocker, Andrew, Kurt Opsahl, and Bennett Cyphers, 'The Challenge of Proximity Apps For COVID-19 Contact Tracing', Electronic Frontier Foundation (10 April 2020): click here.
Bock, Kirsten et al., 'Data Protection Impact Assessment for the Corona App', Forum InformatikerInnen für Frieden und gesellschaftliche Verantwortung (FIfF) e. V. (29 April 2020): click here.
Electronic Frontier Foundation, 'COVID-19 and Technology: Commonly Used Terms' (30 April 2020): click here.
Access Now, 'Privacy and public health: the dos and don’ts for COVID-19 contact tracing apps' (4 May 2020): click here.
Human Rights Watch, 'Covid-19 Apps Pose Serious Human Rights Risks' (13 May 2020): click here.
Liberties, Liberties Network Launches Campaign to Get Impact Analyses of Covid-19 Tracing Apps in 9 EU Countries (8 June 2020): click here.
Foote, Natasha, 'EU Doctors call for COVID app assessments, as UK admits to GDPR breach', EURACTIV (21 July 2020): click here.

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Recorded events

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Council of Europe and University of Strasbourg, 'AI Breakfasts: Covid-19 - Myths and realities of tracking applications' (16 April 2020): click here (Youtube link).
Bart Preneel, 'Privacy Preserving Proximity Tracing Technologies prior, during and after COVID-19: what to expect? What to avoid? Concerns and considerations for privacy and security advocates', LSEC Data Protection Webinar Series - GDPR Salon from the Salon (23 April 2020): click here (Youtube link).
RENEW EUROPE, 'Webinar on COVID-19 contact tracing applications', Livecasts (24 April 2020): click here (publicly available recorded webinar).
PACT, 'ImPACT 2020: Technology and Public Health Perspectives on Private Automated Contact Tracing' (16 April 2020): click here (full webcast recording).
Weblaw, 'Coronavirus: Praxisfragen aus rechtlicher Sicht V - Datenschutz' (21 April 2020): click here (DE).
Ada Lovelace Institute, 'Contact tracing: to centralise or not to centralise, that is the question' (1 May 2020): click here.
Inside Story, 'Could coronavirus tracking apps risk our privacy?', Al Jazeera (2 May 2020): click here (panel).
World Medical Assotiation, COVID Talks on COVID-apps (12 May 2020): click here (Youtube link).
'Panel discussion on contact tracing', EUROCRYPT 2020 (14 May 2020): click here (Youtube link).
International Red Cross Committee, 'Data Protection in the Time of COVID-19 - 2nd Edition of the Data Protection handbook for Humanitarian Action' (3 June 2020): click here.
EDPS IPEN, 'Contact Tracing Apps as a large scale exercise in privacy engineering' (21 October 2020): click here.

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Academic writing, blogposts and commentaries

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Servick, Kelly, 'Cellphone tracking could help stem the spread of coronavirus. Is privacy the price?', Science (22 March 2020): click here.
University of Oxford, 'User Acceptance of Mobile Contact Tracing App' (26 March 2020): click here.
Ferretti, Luca, et al., 'Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing', Science (31 March 2020): click here.
Boehm, Franziska, Diana Dimitrova, Francesca Pichierri and Dara Hallinan, 'Tracking and Tracing Apps and data protection in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic: Data protection requirements and recommendations for the deployment of Covid-19 tracking and tracing apps', FIZ Karlsruhe (April 2020): click here (pdf).
Chiusi, Fabio, 'Automated decision-making systems and the fight against COVID-19', Algorithm Watch (2 April 2020): click here.
de Montjoye, Yves-Alexandre, et al., 'Evaluating COVID-19 contact tracing apps? Here are 8 privacy questions we think you should ask.', Computational Privacy Group (2 April 2020): click here.
Dwada, Sneha and Rebecca Lucas, 'Data-Driven Responses to the Coronavirus Pandemic and the Privacy Implications', RUSI (2 April 2020): click here.
Hudson, Alex, 'Should Phone Tracking Be Used to Punish People Breaking Coronavirus Quarantine?', Newsweek (6 April 2020): click here.
Lomash, Natasha, 'EU privacy experts push a decentralized approach to COVID-19 contacts tracing', TechCrunch (6 April 2020): click here.
Stanley, Jay and Jennifer Stisa Granick, 'White Paper: The Limits of Location Tracking in an Epidemic', American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) (8 April 2020): click here.
Bay, Jason, 'Automated contact tracing is not a coronavirus panacea', Medium (11 April 2020): click here.
Anderson, Ross, 'Contact Tracing in the Real World', Light Blue Touchpaper - Security Research, Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge (12 April 2020): click here.
Wunderlich, John, 'Testing, not tracing, is the privacy preserving response to COVID-19', Medium (13 April 2020): click here.
Molnar, Petra and Diego Naranjo, 'Surveillance Won’t Stop the Coronavirus', The New York Times (15 April 2020): click here.
O'Neill, Cathy, 'Opinion: The Covid-19 Tracking App Won’t Work', Bloomberg (15 April 2020): click here.
Hoepman, Japp-Henk, 'A critical look at the EU approach to contact tracing apps', personal blog (17 April 2020): click here.
Brill, Julie and Peter Lee, 'Preserving privacy while addressing COVID-19', Microsoft (20 April 2020): click here.
Meneceur, Yannick, 'Applications « Covid-19 »: où en sommes-nous ?' Les Temps électriques (21 April 2020): click here.
Morley, Jessica and Cowls, Josh and Taddeo, Mariarosaria and Floridi, Luciano, 'Ethical Guidelines for SARS-CoV-2 Digital Tracking and Tracing Systems', SSRN (22 April 2020): click here.
Kamenjasevic, Erik and Biasin, Elisabetta, 'A Commentary on Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing in the Context of the EU Legal Framework for Medical Devices (working paper)', SSRN (27 April 2020): click here.
Meneceur, Yannick, 'Expliquer l’emballement des applications de pistage : de l’émergence d’un « Etat des algorithmes »', Les Temps électriques (28 April 2020): click here.
Nature Editorial, 'Show evidence that apps for COVID-19 contact-tracing are secure and effective' (29 April 2020): click here.
Johnston, Anna, 'Should I download the COVID-Safe app? The privacy pros and cons', Salinger Privacy (29 April 2020): click here.
Bock, Kirsten and Kühne, Christian Ricardo and Mühlhoff, Rainer and Ost, Měto R. and Pohle, Jörg and Rehak, Rainer, 'Data Protection Impact Assessment for the Corona App' (29 April 2020): click here.
McGregor, Lorna, 'Contact-tracing Apps and Human Rights', EJIL:Talk! (30 April 2020): click here.
Zanfir Fortuna, Gabriela, 'European Union’s Data-Based Policy Against the Pandemic, Explained', Future of Privacy Forum (30 April 2020): click here.
EU Agency for Fundamental Rights, ‘Bulletin #2: Coronavirus pandemic in the EU – Fundamental rights implications with a focus on contact tracing apps’ (21 March-30 April 2020): click here.
Del Castillo, Aída Ponce, 'Covid-19 contact-tracing apps: how to prevent privacy from becoming the next victim', ETUI Policy Brief - European Economic, Employment and Social Policy 5/2020 (May 2020): click here.
Alkhatib, Ali, 'We Need to Talk About Digital Contact Tracing', personal blog (1 May 2020): click here.
Oswald, Marion, 'Towards a Trustworthy Coronavirus Contact Tracing App', RUSI (4 May 2020): click here.
Parker MJ, Fraser C, Abeler-Dörner L, et al., 'Ethics of instantaneous contact tracing using mobile phone apps in the control of the COVID-19 pandemic', Journal of Medical Ethics (4 May 2020): click here.
Lauwaert, Lode, Massimiliano Simons and Nathalie Smuha, 'Opinion – More Debate on the Coronavirus App Is Needed', e-International Relations (5 May 2020): click here.
Luckas, Ulrich et al., Interoperability of decentralised proximity tracing systems across regions (5 May 2020): click here (preview copy pdf).
Criddle, Cristina & Leo Kelion, ‘World split between two types of app’, BBC (7 May 2020): click here.
Moerel, Lokke, 'Contact tracing apps: Why tech solutionism and privacy by design are not enough', IAPP (7 May 2020): click here.
Stout, Kristian, 'The Negative Externalities of Protecting Privacy', Truth on the Market (7 May 2020): click here.
Fraser, Christophe, et al., 'Digital contact tracing: comparing the capabilities of centralised and decentralised data architectures to effectively suppress the COVID-19 epidemic whilst maximising freedom of movement and maintaining privacy', University of Oxford (7 May 2020): click here.
Schwartz, Paul, ‘Protecting privacy on COVID-19 surveillance apps’, IAPP (8 May 2020): click here.
Vogelstein, Fred and Will Knight, 'Health Officials Say 'No Thanks' to Contact-Tracing Tech', Wired (8 May 2020): click here.
Cannicott, Sam, 'The ethics of contact tracing apps: International perspectives', Centre for Data Ethics and Innovation Blog (12 May 2020): click here.
Klovig Skelton, Sebastian, 'Surveillance capitalism in the age of Covid-19', ComputerWeekly (13 May 2020): click here.
Dehaye, Paul-Olivier, 'Efficacy of contract tracing apps', personaldata.io (14 May 2020): click here.
'Escaping the lockdown: Don’t rely on contact-tracing apps, The Economist (16 May 2020): click here.
Zwitter, Andrej and Oskar J. Gstrein, 'Big data, privacy and COVID-19 – learning from humanitarian expertise in data protection', Journal of International Humanitarian Action (18 May 2020): click here
Delcker, Janosch, '5 big EU countries blast Big Tech over approach to corona apps', POLITICO (26 May 2020): click here.
'On Contact Tracing and Hardware Tokens', Bunnie's Blog (June 2020): click here.
Jeffery, Christopher, 'Contact tracing principles', Global Data Review (5 June 2020): click here.
International Digital Accountability Council (IDAC), 'Privacy in the Age of COVID: An IDAC Investigation of COVID-19 Apps' (5 June 2020): click here.
Lars Baumgärtner et al., 'Mind the GAP: Security & Privacy Risks of Contact Tracing Apps' (10 June 2020): click here.
Cohen, Julie, et al., 'The dangers of tech-driven solutions to COVID-19', TechStream (17 June 2020): click here.
Tzachor, A., Whittlestone, J., Sundaram, L. et al., 'Artificial intelligence in a crisis needs ethics with urgency', Nature Machine Intelligence (22 June 2020): click here.
Veale, Michael, 'Privacy is not the problem with the Apple-Google contact-tracing toolkit', The Guardian (1 July 2020): click here.
Singer, Natasha, 'Google Promises Privacy With Virus App but Can Still Collect Location Data', The New York Times (20 July 2020): click here.
Eskens, Sarah, 'Contact tracing app laws in the EU' (since September 2020): click here.

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Contact Tracing Apps

Menu

Proposed contact tracing frameworks

List of national contact tracing apps

Additional resources on contact tracing tools by country

Interoperability of contact tracing apps

Civil society resources on contact tracing apps

Recorded events

Academic writing, blogposts and commentaries